Canopy structure of some Iranian wheat cultivars, developed for cold and temperate-cold climates within the last 50 years, were studied in two separate trials during 1998 and 1999 in the Research Station of College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. In both trials 6 wheat cultivars were investigated in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. In the first experiment all cultivars were sown at the same date and with the equal planting density and N fertilization. However, in the second experiment cultivars were sown under the recommended sowing date, plant density and N rate for maximum yield. Other management practices were identical in both years. New wheat cultivars had a greater light extinction coefficient (K) and positioned a higher proportion of their leaf area at the top canopy layers. Such a canopy structure led to better absorption of radiation at top canopy layer in new cultivars. A decreasing profile of specific leaf nitrogen (SLN), specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf nitrogen content (LNC) were observed from top to bottom of the canopy with a negative correlation between SLW and LNC.

The effect of salinity on nitrogen absorption and leaf chlorophyll content of wheat (cv. Falat) was studied in two separate greenhouse traits, both in a completely randomized block design with three replication. Three levels of nitrogen (0, 1.19 and 5.94 g Urea/pot) and three levels of salinity (0, 150 and 300 mol/m3 salts) were used as treatments. Salinity conducted by combining sodium and calcium chloride in a 1:10 molar ratio and pots were irrigated with modified Hogland solution in close system. Leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen contents, stomatal resistance, specific leaf weight (SLW) specific leafnitrogen (SLN) were measured at booting and anthesis stages. The results showed a high correlation between SPAD reading (leaf chlorophyll) and leaf nitrogen content and SLN. Leaf nitrogen content reduced but SLN and stomatal resistance increased by increasing salinity levels. SPAD reading increased up to salinity levels of 150 mol/m3 but reduced at higher salt concentration. Adjusted SPAD reading on SLW (SPAD/SLW) showed higher correlation with salinity levels compared to unadjusted SPAD reading and may used as indicator for severity of salt stress.

In this article, we introduce monomial irreducible representations of the special linear Lie algebra SLN(C). We will show that this kind of representations have bases for which the action of the Chevalley generators of the Lie algebra on the basis elements can be given by a simple formula.

Introduction: Research has revealed that breast cancer is the second most common cancer among women and that the compounds in Artemisia plant have good anti-tumor potential. Nanomaterials significantly increase solubility, stability, and effective drug delivery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Nano-form of Artemisia essential oil in comparison with non-Nano-form in inhibiting MCF7 cells. Materials and Methods: After extracting essential oil from Artemisia Vulgaris plant, nanoparticles containing Artemisia Vulgaris essential oil were synthesized through homogenizer and sonication method. Different properties of nanoparticles including particle size, zeta potential, and morphology were measured. Finally, the toxicity effect of solid lipid nanoparticles containing essential oil on MCF7 cancer cell line was examined adopting MTT technique. Results: The results indicated that tDCS significantly reduced the scores on DDQ and OCDUS in the active tDCS group compared to the sham tDCS group (P<. 05). Results: The results of cellular effect of lipid nanoparticles containing Artemisia Vulgaris annua on MCF7 cells showed that increasing the concentration of lipid nanoparticles containing Artemisia Vulgaris essential oil, compared to purified essential oil, reduced the survival rate of MCF7 cells. Conclusions: The findings show that lipid nanocarriers raise the release rate of essential oil compared to pure essential oil. Increase in concentration of lipid nanoparticles containing Artemisia essential oil reduces the survival rate of breast cancer cells. The IC50 obtained for unbaked essential oils and nanoparticles containing essential oils were 1105 and 262 μ g/ml, respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that nanoparticle essential oil of this plant is effective in reducing the IC50 of the drug and increasing cytotoxicity.

Currently, most drugs reach to their place where they can have their desired effects through traditional methods and systemic absorption. Drugs are associated with many problems and complications in drug delivery systems the aim of which is reducing the frequency of drug usage and optimizing the effect of the drug. Therefore, by providing effective drug concentrations in the damaged organ, the therapeutic effect of the drug is enhanced and its degradation is reduced. In addition, this maintains the circulation of the drug in the blood for a longer time and can diminish its side effects. There are different types of drug delivery systems (DDS) of most advanced types for nanostructured carriers in design and fabrications. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) form colloidal drug carrier systems are an alternative to colloidal carriers such as liposomes, emulsions, and micro polymeric components. For the synthesis of these particles, many methods are applied which provide the possibility of loading various hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs inside the lipid nanoparticles. In this article, various methods and application of these lipids in targeted drug delivery system are reviewed.

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate benefit of using nanotechnology on increasing of synergic antibacterial effect of natural and chemical antibacterial agents.Methods: At first the MIC and MBC of Curcumin and Ampicillin as selected antibacterial agents was determined, after that Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) of each active ingredients as well as Curcumin-Ampicillin loaded SLNs were prepared using high pressure homogenization technique. Characterization of prepared SLNs was done, then MIC, MBC and contact killing time were investigated for Curcumin-Ampicillin loaded SLNs in comparison with free Curcumin and Ampicillin solutions as well as Ampicillin and Curcumin SLNs.Results: Based on results nanoparticles with the size of 150 nm show much more decreased MIC and MBC when Ampicillin and Curcumin were loaded together on SLNs than solutions in which free Ampicillin and Curcumin were mixed.Conclusion: It seems that using nanotechnology could cause decrease the dosage of antibiotics and risk of having antibiotic resistance bacteria strains.

This study was conducted to evaluate the response of Iranian promisinglate blooming almond genotypes to deficit-irrigation stress on GN15 rootstock. One-year old plants subjectedto three deficit-irrigation, including moderate and severe stress (soil water potential, Ysoil=-0.8 and -1.6 MPa, respectively) and a control treatment (Ysoil=-0.33 MPa), were applied for six weeks to five grafting combinations. A factorial experiment was conducted with a CRD which included three irrigations factors, five genotype factors and three replications. Genotypes/cultivarsincluded: ‘K3-3-1’, ‘H’, ‘13-40’, ‘Sahand’ and ‘Ferragness’ grafted on GN15 rootstock. Deficit-irrigation stress caused a significant reduction in plant growth parameters such as fresh and dry weights of plant organs, leaf number, and total leaf area and leaf relativewatercontent in all almond genotypes and cultivars. Specific leaf weight (SLW) and leaf abscission also significantly increased in drought-treated plants compared to the control group. Total shoot length, individual leaf area, leaf dimension (length and width), stomatal size and frequency were decreased in response to deficit-irrigation treatments. In response to stress, the ‘Ferragnes’ and ‘Sahand’ cultivars on GN15 rootstock showed the highest relative water content (RWC) among the genotypes and showed the smallest decrease in fresh and dry weights of organs. The ’13-40’ and ‘K3-3-1’ genotypes showed the greatest leaf abscission and a decrease in the total leaf area, (the most reduction in transpiration area).